Principles Political Economy And Taxation -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Principles Political Economy And Taxation? Answer: Introducation The capital assets generally comprised of the real assets such as property and acquisition of the shares. The sale and purchase either ends up with incurring a gain or loss to an individual or trade that in known for capital loss and capital gain (Dalton, 2013). One thing is very important to be recognized while filling the form of income tax that is these losses and gains. The losses or gains can be calculated by the extracting the disposal amount of the asset from the current amount worn-out for purchasing the asset. Section 108-10 of the ITAA 1997 defines that an individual cannot set off the loss against the ordinary gains (Graetz Schenk, 2013). Therefore, any gains earned by Eric upon his assets are mainly subjected to taxes. To deliver the taxation-law benefits to tax payers some of the capital gains are not allowed to be incurred into the income of the person. As defined under section 108-20 of the ITAA 1997 Eric is barred from claiming offset generated from the disposal of personal asset. Capital gain or loss calculation Therefore, from the given example Eric has a capital gain of $5,000. This income amount is important to be included in to the income tax of return for the year end by 2016-17. The elaborated case is about the estimation of taxable value of loan fringe benefits related to the employer after he lends the loan f $1 m to its employee, Brian at 1%p.a. The fringe benefit taxation ruling of TR 93/6 lay down the provision of setting off loan interest for the taxpayers (Grange et al., 2014). Taxation authority of the Australia guides that the fringe benefits should be impacted by the fringe benefits states the requirements. The concessional rate of the loan will be extracted from the income while the tax could be charged on the fringe benefits. All of these fringe benefits should be distributed to the employees who has been granted loan by their employer. The benefits from the loans will be distributed to the employees and will mention in the accounting of the employees. Given the circumstances that Brian is in compliance with section 16 of the Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986, he is not required to pay tax for the benefit derived from the loan interest offset account (James, 2014). The fringe benefit is generally taxable by nature so the employers must be required for calculating the fringe benefits for accuracy and appropriate tax calculation. For the calculation of fringe benefits Brian on opting to pay the collectively in the end of the year will also allowed for paying the same amount and no amount of the benefit will be transported to the employees. If the bank released Brain from repaying the interest on the loan, then the taxable value for the debt waiver fringe benefit is 27,900 The issue explains the conflict of filing taxes on the capital gains and losses that are incurred by two partners namely Jack and Jill. The issue elaborates about the two partners Jack and Jill, who shared the profit 1:9 ration for purchasing a property by raising a loan against this. These two partners then have agreement that is subjected to the condition that if there will be any loss Jack will be completely liable for that. This case follows the guidelines for Income-tax Assessment Act 1997. The ITAA 1997 elaborates that any property raised by loan by two partners is accountable for the shares with respect to the ratio mentioned in the contract signed by them (Ricardo, 2013). The act mainly guides that there are no additional liability will be made based on any of the partners for repaying the losses accordingly their mentioned shares. Partners neither by their own choice could bear the whole loss that came out as a principle of the issue of McDonald v FCT 1987. Application A properly has been purchased by two partners Jack and Jill and they agreed to sharing the profits according to the ratio of 1:9. The principle decided by the case of McDonald v FC of T that suggests that the partners will be responsible for the losses and gains incurred according to the ratio mentioned in the contract (Sadiq et al., 2014). Therefore, the capital losses of $10,000, which is owned by Jack and Jill, will be handed out in a same way if the profit has been distributed and made Jack and Jill responsible for $1,000 and $9,000 respectively. On the other hand, if Jack undertakes a decision of sale then the cost base of property must be considered and capital gains or loss should be distributed among the taxpayers equally. Therefore, regardless of the terms of the contract the loss will be distributed accurately as the profit has been generated. The ITAA Act 1997 specifies that no party can solely presume the responsibility for paying the losses incurred. This stands for partners for sharing the losses in the ratio of 1:9 as elaborated in the contract. The issue discussed in this question is for checking the application of the principle within Australia that has been drawn out from the IRC v Duke of Westminster [1936] AC 1 (Schreiber, 2013). The case of IRC v Duke of Westminster is about appointing a Gardner by the Duke of Westminster that will be paid later the wages after Duke pays taxes based on the income. This mainly causes the Duke to pay high amount of taxes which the Gardner will be paid tax wages before the payment of tax so that the tax benefits can be earned by paying taxes upon low- income that unfavourably impacts on the amount of tax also. The rule derived from the above case is that the net income is termed to be taxable instead of the gross income. Net income is calculated by deducting expenses from the gross income earned by a individual person (Bernstein, 2013). These rules allows all the individual or businesses for taking the benefits of tax exemptions and credits. The above analysis related to the considered case, which reflects that the government of Australia provides the records of probable deductions available so that the business and individuals can gain the benefits from tax (Martin, 2015). This deductions will offer them a higher benefits from tax as the income of the individual is lowered down as the deductions are made and the tax is charged on the lower income will also be considered as less amount. From the above analysis, this can be concluded that individuals are not allowed for misrepresenting their income but it is also pointed out that some possible deductions those individuals can take advantage of filing the income tax. The income is generally reduced on the income statement can be calculated properly. The issue elaborated is regarding the management of the income gained by Bill from selling the pine tree to the logging company at the rate of $1,000 for every 100m of the timber log or accepting a lump sum of $50,000 that helps in granting the logging company for using as much as they are searching for. Regarding the above issue, TR 95/6 Act will be applied. The act particularly helps in guiding the taxation policy upon the income gained from the actions of manufacturing and forestry (Smith, 2013). Another rule that will be applicable is or classifying the income gained by individual as operational or non-operational. The logging company issued receipts for the purchasing timber from Bill at the rte $1,000 for every 100m timber log that is income Bill. The selling of the timber by Bill is not a normal activity that will be mentioned under the income supervisor of the individual and not of trade. This income gained by Bill is subjected to taxes and deductions can be made for relational expenses such as plantation cost and transportation cost etc. Any other expenses that are non- relational to selling of the timber would not be deducted and will be included within the income for the calculation of the taxes according to the guidance of TR 95/6 act. On the other hand, if Bill decides to grant the right of taking the as much as the amount of timber from his land to the logging then this will give rise to royalties under section 26 (f) of the ITAA 1997 (Weltman, 2013). Citing the reference of McCauley v FC of T (1944) receipt of sum from granting rights results in royalties that will ultimate give rise to royalties, which will be subjected to taxation for Bill. It is clear that the operational expenditures can be deducted from the assessable income gained from the trade or individual. Reference list: Bernstein, P. (2013).The Ernst Young tax guide 2013. [Somerset, N.J.]: Ernst Young. Dalton, H. (2013).Principles of Public Finance. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Graetz, M., Schenk, D.(2013). Federal income taxation. Grange, J., Jover-Ledesma, G., Maydew, G.2014 principles of business taxation. James, S.(2014). The economics of taxation. Martin, F (2015).Income tax, native title and mining payments. Ricardo, D. (2013).Principles of political economy and taxation. [Place of publication not identified]: Theclassics Us. Sadiq, K., Coleman, C., Hanegbi, R., Jogarajan, S., Krever, R., Obst, W., Ting, A.Principles of taxation law 2014. Schreiber, U. (2013).International company taxation. Berlin: Springer. Smith, R. (2013).Compilation of state and federal privacy laws. Providence, RI: financial Journal. Weltman, B. (2013).J.K. Lasser's 1001 deductions and tax breaks 2013. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons

Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods free essay sample

Assignment Denise Brown Walden University Application 1 Assignment Qualitative method is one of three methods of conducting research. According to Creswell (2009). Creswell (2009) additionally shares collecting data to analyze and interpret behavior is significantly different from quantitative method due to purposeful sampling. In this process open-ended data is observed unlike the traditional process in quantitative method. Qualitative method is more of hands on inquiry going directly to the scene of where the problem occurs. Speaking directly to the participants is required in the qualitative process. Creswell (2009) states that the process of qualitative research is put together from the bottom up when organizing back and forth resources using different databases that ignite ideas to themes. To begin research there is a question that needs to be answered regarding a problem that has to be solved. An example sample question is there a grieving process that women who recently miscarried go through? Speaking to women who have endured this experience best captures the research. We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Open-ended questions allow for concepts to be expressed while sharing the experience. The assumption that a woman would be much more comfortable in a small group setting or singularly interviewed could result in data that would lead to learning the meaning behind experiencing such an ordeal. Qualitative method proves to be the better method for studying this experience for the shift in process will bring about thoughts that can occur from a in person interview. Quantitative method utilizes surveys and case study data. Extensive testing is involved in the process of this method. The use of statistical data proves valuable regarding the repetitiveness of what happens the more an experience occurs that can be shared among many different groups of people. Creswell (2009) asserts specific types of experiment are pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, true experimental or single-subject design. Morley (2012) reviewed an article of five different doctors of five different disciplines all using qualitative analysis. The disciplines are phenomenological psychology, grounded theory, discourse analysis, narrative research, and intuitive inquiry. Combing the different disciplines offers more angles for hypothesis testing. Another research question is what factors predict good marital communication? Quantitative method was used for this problem because marital communication data can be acquired by case studies, focus groups that lead to generalizations that are conclusive regarding communication. The result of this method is to aide the researcher with large sample sizes of data. Exploring this question can be done with inductive reasoning. Marriage is a social phenomenon that can be studied in advance of themes being discovered. Additionally, some forms of this research can be case studies, and ethnographies.

Childe essays

Childe essays The Evolution of Childe Hassam: The Impressionist in the West Exhibit Substantially inspired during his two excursions to Oregon and the surrounding area in 1904 and 1908, Childe Hassam, an American impressionist, masterfully depicted the scenic beauty of the Northwest in a collection of paintings displayed from December 10th, 2004 to March 6th, 2005 at the Portland Art Museum. Though the focus of the exhibit entitled Childe Hassam: Impressionist in the West is the artwork centered around Oregon, there is a larger, over-arching objective of presenting Hassams evolution as an artist. Born in Dorchester, MA in 1859 and trained in France, Hassam achieved what few artists live to experience: success and wealth. In the span of his lifetime, which ended in 1935, Child Hassam was a successful lithographer and painter. Summoned to the West by his friend, C.E.S. (Charles Erskine Scott) Wood, who has five works in the same exhibit, Hassam found a muse in the landscapes of Oregon, producing 60-100 works in a multitude of media ranging from watercolor and oil to pastel. Providing a complete context, the exhibit displays Hassams early works that evidence early impressionistic techniques such as scattered brushstrokes and emphasis on lighting. By showing the work the that preceded the Northwest paintings including subjects such as the bustling New York City streets, a solitary church with an oceanic background in the light of the sunset, and a mural of women bathing in the nude taken from C.E.S. Woods home, one can observe first hand how Hassams work evolved from accurate, classical works to fully impressionistic ones that concentrated not on precision and perfection, but on color, motion, and texture. Hassams interpretations of the Oregon desert are indeed nothing short of impressionistic splendor. of no particular interest or significance, such as a sagebrush, and breathing life int...

Tropical Rainforest Regions

Tropical Rainforest Regions Tropical rainforests mainly occur in the Worlds equatorial regions. Tropical forests are restricted to the small land area between the latitudes 22.5 ° North and 22.5 ° South of the equator - between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer (see map). They are also located on major separate continental forests which preserve them as independent, non-contiguous realms. Rhett Butler, on his excellent site  Mongabay, refers to these four regions as the Afrotropical, the Australian, the Indomalayan and the Neotropical rainforest realms. The Afrotropical Rainforest Realm Most of the tropical rainforests of Africa exist in the Congo (Zaire) River Basin. Remnants also exist throughout Western Africa which is in a sorry state due to the plight of poverty which encourages subsistence agriculture and firewood harvesting. This realm is increasingly dry and seasonal when compared to the other realms. The outlying portions of this rainforest region are steadily becoming desert. FAO suggests this realm lost the highest percentage of rainforests during the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s of any biogeographical realm. The Australian Oceanic Pacific Rainforest Realm Very little of the rainforest is located on the Australian continent. Most of this rainforest is located in Pacific New Guinea with a very small portion of the forest in the Northeast of Australia. Actually, the Australian forest has expanded over the last 18,000 years and remains relatively untouched. The Wallace Line  separates this realm from the Indomalayan realm. Biogeographer Alfred Wallace marked the channel between Bali and Lombok as the divide between two great zoogeographic regions, the Oriental and Australian. The Indomalayan Rainforest Realm Asias remaining tropical rainforest is in Indonesia (on scattered islands), the Malay peninsula and Laos and Cambodia. Population pressures have dramatically decreased the original forest to scattered fragments. Southeast Asias rainforests are some of the oldest in the World. Studies have indicated that several have existed for over 100 million years. The Wallace Line separates this realm from the Australian realm. The Neotropical Rainforest Realm The Amazon River Basin covers some 40% of the South American continent and dwarfs all other forests in Central and South America. The Amazon rainforest is roughly the size of the forty-eight contiguous United States. It is the largest continuous rainforest on Earth. The good news is, four-fifths of the Amazon is still intact and healthy. Logging is heavy in certain areas but there is still debate over the adverse effects but governments are involved in new pro-rainforest legislation. Oil and gas, cattle and agriculture are major causes of neotropical deforestation.

Review Discussion of Chris Hackley (2013), Marketing in Context Essay - 1

Review Discussion of Chris Hackley (2013), Marketing in Context - Essay Example According to Hackley, critics have been against marketing and its role because of the associated theories and techniques used in the business world in the name of marketing. The author is honest about the fact that the developed world has experienced some of the benefits associated with marketing. This is through increasing affluence. Despite the evident benefits of marketing, only a few people have a conscience understanding of the functioning of marketing. Many of the books seeking to elaborate the concepts of marketing have not succeeded in doing so in accordance with the views expressed by Hackley. Hackley has the conviction that marketing research and the findings recorded as well as the theories developed from such findings do not conform to the real life aspects of marketing. These reasons prompted Hackley to develop a text that can describe marketing concepts in the appropriate context. Hackley’s book succeeds in clarifying several marketing concepts, its role, and set ting a new scene that allows marketing to be understood in its appropriate context. This paper will present a critical review discussion of Chris Hackley’s introductory chapter and the conclusion he presents. The review is going to consider other chapters in the book, and describe how Hackley develops them to set a â€Å"marketing scene†. In the first chapter of the book, Hackley develops an introduction to his involving text. In this chapter, Hackley introduces the overgeneralization of concepts that has been happening in the marketing field. More specifically, he highlights that only a few people understand marketing in its appropriate context. The efforts of previous authors have not succeeded in enlightening readers on how to understand marketing. This is despite the fact that marketing is one of the fields with a remarkable economic contribution as well as a cultural presence with numerous effects on the society. In an effort to address

East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

East Asia - Essay Example Although China had also influenced the country through its Chinese characters and its culture, Asian culture in general was not new to the Japanese people. By this point, they found Western influence completely different and new from what they have grown to know. Furthermore, the Japanese were also fascinated with the inventions the West was able to popularize. This was the start of the Japanese culture of importing and â€Å"imitating† ideas, especially technology, from foreign countries. One of the popular phrases in Japan, â€Å"Wakon-Yosai† is derived from the word â€Å"Wa† which means â€Å"Japan†. â€Å"Kon†, which is another word for â€Å"Tamashii† or â€Å"spirit†. The word â€Å"Yo† means â€Å"western† while the last syllable â€Å"Sai† denotes its short form â€Å"Saino† or â€Å"Saikaku†, which means technique, skill, or ability. As a tribute for the knowledge and skills they have learned from the Westerners, they commemorated this phrase to denote â€Å"Western technique with Japanese mind†. It has also been reported that this word was also used during the Meiji Era. With Japan’s history speaking for itself, it can be clearly concluded that Japan valued its inherent abilities from the West with â€Å"open arms†. And because of their eagerness to learn cultures other than their own, it has created the Japanese culture of being the â€Å"master of imitation† or their mindset of continuous adaptation and utilization of modern technologies from outer cultures. This can be exemplified by the rapidly emerging technologies that were imitated by Japan, from digital cameras to photocopying machines, sound systems, computer softwares, and other electronic gadgets.

Emerging Business Themes Essay Example for Free

Emerging Business Themes Essay A- QUESTION 1 1- Definition Business ethics is a form of professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. The definition of Ethical stance defined by Johnson and Scholes as: ‘the extent to which an organization will exceed it minimum obligations to stakeholders and society at large. There are four possible ethical stances existing and are stereotypes for any organization.(1) The first ethical stance is short-term shareholder interests; a company who stick very close to laws and regulations which are in place. They give and do only what they are obliged to, this usually causes problems with long-term financial decisions. The second stance is longer-term shareholder interests a company who are very focused on building and maintaining reputation in relation to its financial success. They take into consideration all stakeholders and how they can affect the organization in the future. The third stance is multiple stakeholder obligations relating to a company taking wide consultation with all stakeholders. This is a very slow process and not a good stance for a fast moving and growing company. The last stance is shaper of society companies who focus on communities and want to build them up; this stance puts the financial interest second and is usually related to charitable organizations. 2- Ethical Dimension to Corporate Decision Making Ford Motor Company is one of the competitive motor companies in the world. In 1970s, the compact car Ford pinto, became a famous for its tendency in rear-end collisions to leak fuel and explode into flames. More than 20 people were killed or injured before the Ford Motor company issued a recall to correct the problem. The decision process behind the Pinto’s launch revealed that under intense competition from Volkswagen and other small car manufacturers, Ford has rushed the Pinto into production. Ford’s engineers had discovered the potential danger of ruptured fuel tanks in crash tests, but the assembly line was ready and Ford’s leaders decided to proceed. This is an evidence of greed, callousness and unethicality. (2) Looking to their decision, it take into account a growing understanding on how cognitive biases distort ethical decision making, and come to a different conclusion. In our mind, the executives involved in the Pinto decision, were making an unethical choice. It is because they thought of it is as purely a business decision rather than an ethical one. The problems are already highlighted to Ford’s leaders, but, in those days, safety was not popular in Ford. Problem meant delay on a Pinto. Production must go to achieve sale target. We don’t believe that Ford’s leaders or executive in charge were consciously unethical or intentionally sanctioned unethical behavior by people further down the chain of command. After decades, the Ford Pinto case has allowed us to dissect Ford’s decision-making process and apply the latest behavioral ethics theory to it. The pattern of evident continues to recur in organizations. It is diverted the Ford’s Executives’ attention from the ethical dimension of problem, and executives today are swayed by similar forces. (2) To overcome all the problems, Ford Motor Company has a program to guide compliance with Ford Policies and Directives. Ford compliance program is reviewed by a senior management compliance committee and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. The program raises awareness of the Companys commitment to defines corporate practices through Policies and Directives, ethical practices, ensure an infrastructure that allows for the reporting of Policy violations or business-related legal violations through a number of avenues worldwide, conducts risk assessments, oversees the investigation of such reports and education on key legal and provides training and ethical risk areas. The Handbook outlines requirements for its employees and those working on behalf of the Company and provides background resources for a wide range of business-related situations, including: (3) 1- Workplace environment 2- Gifts, favors and conflicts of interest 3- Use of Company assets and data safeguarding 4- Integrity of financial records 5- Product quality, safety and environmental matters 6- Intellectual property 7- Working with governments (political activities) 8- Competition and antitrust laws 9- International business practices References: 1-Wikipedia- http://en.wikipedia.org./wiki/Business_practices 2- Max H. Baseman And Ann E. Tenbrunsel – Harvard Business Review April 2011- http://hbr.org/2011/04/ethical-breakdowns/ar 3- Ford Motor Company- Fordmotorcompany.com -report 2008/2009 – http://corporate.ford.com/microsites/sustainability-report-2008-09/governance -sustainability-ethical B- QUESTION 2 1-Climate Change – Ford Motor Company. In 21st century, climate change is the most important global political and business issues. It will have a huge impact of the world and threaten livelihood of millions of people in the world. Every years, average temperature in artic have risen twice, increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Climate change is the result of an increase in heat-trapping (greenhouse) gases in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major long-lived greenhouse gas (GHG). The burning of fossil fuels (to provide electricity, heat and transportation, and to support industry and agriculture), as well as deforestation, leads to net emissions of CO2 and increased levels of atmospheric CO2. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased from a preindustrial level of 270–280 parts per million (ppm) to a level of approximately 392 ppm in 2012. (4) Ford Motor Company have a holistic view of climate change and have addressed non-CO2 long-term greenhouse gases such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Through its Restricted Substance Management Standard they have prohibited SF6 in tires in magnesium casting. They were continuing their scientific research to determine the relative contribution of a wide range of long-lived greenhouse gases to radiative forcing of climate change. (4) 2-Ford’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Ford has estimated that their total CO2 emissions are in the range of 350–400 million metric tons (Mmt) per year, varying over time with fluctuations in vehicle production and sales, on-road fleet size and vehicle miles traveled. The estimate includes emissions from its facilities, emissions from current-year vehicles and emissions from all Ford vehicles on the road. (4) 3-Climate Change Risk and Opportunities In 21st century, concerns about climate change, the energy security and price of fuel, along with the global recession, have changed the automotive business. This creates substantial risks for automakers but also opportunities for innovation that enable growth and expansion. Below, the general trends driving change in Ford’s markets and take a closer look at several key markets. Also discuss the physical and supply chain risks to its business posed by climate change. (4) Ford’s Markets Price of fuel, consumer interest in smaller and more fuel-efficient vehicles and energy security concerns are also a driver of fuel economy regulation and alternative fuel development. All of Ford’s major markets are increasingly shaped by government actions to regulate fuel economy and carbon dioxide emissions, provide incentives to shift consumer and introduce low-carbon fuels and business behavior. Some of governments are also actively involved in development, promoting the research, battery technologies and purchase of new vehicle. Greater concern from Investors about climate change as a material risk. Providing climate-change-relevant information to investors and shaping its business strategy with climate change in mind are important elements of maintaining access to capital. Product globalization strategy – respond to changing markets, regional preferences, opportunities and the risks presented by the climate change issue. Ford has created global vehicle platforms that offer superior fuel economy, safety, quality and customer features. (4) 4-Physical Risks Climate change raises the potential for shifting patterns of extreme weather and other risk to Ford’s facilities. For insurance, Ford assesses the risks each of their facilities faces at least once a year. This risk assessment is updated and takes into account the risk of exposure to storms, hurricanes, earthquakes and flooding. (4) 5-Supply Chain Risk Ford suppliers located in more than 60 countries, regulatory and physical risks as a result of GHG regulation and the impacts of climate change. These risks could affect their competitiveness or ability to operate, creating the potential for disruptions to the flow of supplies to Ford. (4) 6-Ford Climate Change Strategy Ford’s long-term strategy is to contribute to climate stabilization by: †¢ Continuously reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage. †¢ Working with industry partners, energy companies, consumer groups and policy makers to establish an effective and predictable market, policy and technological framework for reducing GHG emissions. †¢ Develop the flexibility and capability to market lower-GHG-emission products. (4) 7-Product Sustainability Process -Science – Stabilization approach Technology plan -Government – regulatory trendsproduct CO2 strategy Policy position -Consumer- market trends Cycle plan -Competitive- industry trends Marketing and Communication plan 4- Ford Motor Company – http://corporate.ford.com/microsites/sustainability-report-2011-12/environment-climate-risks C- QUESTION 3 In 21st century business challenge and difficult global trading conditions, good relationship with several groups of stakeholders such as employees, customers, dealers, suppliers, investors and communities are very important. 1- Ford Motor Company Stakeholders. Through internal analysis and developing sustainability programs, Ford has interdependent relationship with a few categories of stakeholders such as employees, customers, dealers, suppliers, investors and communities, also its relationship to ‘society’ which includes government agency, NGOs and academia. (5) 2- Employees Employees are the most valuable resource. In 2011, Ford employed more than 164,000 individuals at 73 plants, 41 distribution warehouses, 106 sales offices worldwide and 57 engineering research/development facilities. All of the hourly employees in its automotive operations in the U.S. and also its subsidiary outside U.S. are represented by unions and covered by collective bargaining agreements. Unions are key partners with Ford in providing a productive, safe and respectful workplace. Ford faces workplace health and safety challenges such as; establishing and reinforcing high, common expectations for the safety of their employees worldwide. Most of their manufacturing facilities have joint union/management safety committees that guide the development and implementation of safety programs. (5) ONE Ford plan aligns its efforts toward a common definition of success: having ONE Team, ONE Plan and ONE Goal for an exciting, viable Ford that delivers profitable growth for all. (5) †¢ F: Foster Functional and Technical Excellence(5) †¢ O: Own Working Together(5) †¢ R: Role Model Ford Values(5) †¢ D: Deliver Results(5) 3- Customers Ford Motor Company serves more than 5.5 million customers worldwide. Ford’s customers are the most important stakeholder. Their major regional markets include South America, North America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Russia, Australia and Asia. In some regions, Ford serve 3 types of customers- individual retail consumers, small business customers and large commercial fleet customers. It will continue to expand products and services for these existing customers while working simultaneously to gain new customers in emerging markets. In North America and Asia, they are focusing on increasing their offerings of smaller and more fuel-efficient vehicles. (5) 4- Dealers Dealers are the face of Ford to its customers and communities, the key employers and contributors to local economies. Dealer sustainability program has launched in 2010, a voluntary sustainability initiative for dealers to reduce their carbon footprints and improve the energy-efficiency of their dealerships. The goal of the â€Å"Go Green† Dealer Sustainability Program is to collaborate with dealers to implement cost-effective ways to improve the energy-efficiency of their facilities. It partnered with the Rocky Mountain Institute, a leading energy-efficiency organization, to pilot new technologies and architectural design principles. (5) 5- Suppliers Ford relies on more than 1,400 production suppliers to provide parts that are assembled into Ford vehicles. 9,000 supplier companies provide a wide range of nonproduction goods and services, from industrial materials to computers to advertising. Ford and its suppliers work jointly to deliver great products, have a strong business and make a better future. In today’s economic environment, achieving lower costs and improving quality require an unprecedented level of cooperation with suppliers and the maintenance of strong supplier relationships. (5) 6- Investors The success of Ford as a company directly affects its 162,000 investors, and they have been focused on improving Ford’s financial health. Provide information and interact regularly with investors through corporate website, annual report and regulatory filings and annual meeting. They also engage with socially responsible investment organizations that are seeking information to use to evaluate its sustainability performance. These interactions help Ford stay abreast of and respond to investor concerns. (5) 7- Communities Ford Motor Company impacts the communities in numerous ways, provide the employment, the taxes, the environmental and safety performance and support and participate in civic life. The communities are composed of a range of groups and individuals, include its customers, employees, business partners, government regulators, community organizations and members of civil society, and individuals who live and work around its facilities. Ford has been supporting community more than 100 years ago. This includes helping feed hungry people, providing mentors in classrooms and teaching teenagers to drive more safely. Changing of Fundamental have been happening including increased competition globally and changing markets for its products, with future sales growth expected to occur in emerging economies. Ford is expanding sourcing in these lower-cost emerging markets, as a way to serve both local markets and the global supply chain. Ford seeks to respect and make a positive contribution to its host communities. (5) 5- Ford Motor Company – http://corporate.ford.com/microsites/sustainability-report-2010-11/society-stakeholders D- BIBILIOGRAPHY 1-Wikipedia- http://en.wikipedia.org./wiki/Business_practices 2- Max H. Baseman And Ann E. Tenbrunsel – Harvard Business Review April 2011- http://hbr.org/2011/04/ethical-breakdowns/ar 3- Ford Motor Company- Fordmotorcompany.com -report 2008/2009 – http://corporate.ford.com/microsites/sustainability-report-2008-09/governance-sustainability-ethical 4- Ford Motor Company – http://corporate.ford.com/microsites/sustainability-report-2011-12/environment-climate-risks 5- Ford Motor Company – http://corporate.ford.com/microsites/sustainability-report-2010-11/society-stakeholders