International Energy Policy UNFCCC

Questions: 1. The measures taken in UNFCCC meeting held in Paris2. Role of Oil and Gas industries in climate change3. Saudi Arabia and UNFCCC conference Answers: Introduction This report presents the effects of measures taken by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its effect on oil and gas industry of Saudi Arabia. The Conference took place in Paris on November 2015 (Morel et al. 2015). The Government of more than 190 countries had joined the conference. The conference was important in the context of growing Green-house-gas (GHG) in the global environment and alarming rate of global warming. The scientists have alerted that, the world temperature is very near to the threshold beyond which global warming becomes catastrophic. The temperature of the world is going to rise 5C in respect of present trajectories. The scientists also added that, the difference between temperature of last ice age and worlds present temperature is only 5C. So, there is urgent need to combat the alarming rate of global warming (Morel et al. 2015). The global oil and gas industry plays a big role global warming. The oil and gas industry produce green house gases. The GHGs are like the major contributor to global warming. The current commitment on GHGs is going to run on 2020 and in this scenario, the measures taken in the Paris conference play a great role. The measures taken in UNFCCC meeting held in Paris According to the decisions were taken in the conference the limit of increase in global temperature were set at two degrees Celsius (Morel et al. 2015). This is a long term goal and it depends on notion to make the world carbon-free. The conference has set various "Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)" to monitor the changes of carbon emission of different countries (Belloumi and Alshehry 2015). It empowered each country to contribute effectively to achieve the goal. It also emphasized on increasing emission cut in each five years with showing progression of cut from the previous year (Belloumi and Alshehry 2015). The agreement mentioned that the achieved target of NDC will act as the benchmark for the other countries and accordingly target of emission reduction will be increased. This measure will reduce the use of natural resources and will direct countries to use renewable energies. According to Hansen and Sato (2016), this will help to increase the use of renewable energy by 78% and as result will help to decrease the fuel cost. The countries will concentrate on use of electricity, modern technologies and solar or air power. This will make changes in the electricity market, business and financial models. he countries agreed to invest 100 billion dollars for the year 2020 to 2025 to materialize the goals set in the conference with provision to increase this investment from 2025 onwards (Stern 2015). This will certainly help the countries to achieve the proposed goal. Countries that depend completely on oil and gas industry will be benefited from this financial aid. Apart from that, various countries sent their consent to build strong trading funds for this project. The governments and the investors have to implement various reforms regarding economic, industrial and financial to move from the fossil oil consumers to consumer of renewable energy. This is required a lot of changes and initiatives. The proposed financial support is encouraging in this context. The conference took decision to support the displaced countries in the process of implementing the discussed measures. They also formulated that the emission reduction of one country will act as a basis for other countries NDC (Al-Kalbani et al. 2015). The increased global pollution, industrialization, exploration of natural resources creates bad effect on the global environment. In this context, the UNFCCC conference in Paris creates a great impact (Collins 2015). The coordination and participation of various countries and their initiative showed the world wide concern for the climate change. The conference proposed a long-term goal and to make the world environment decarbonized, Apart from that, it has provided transparency. Every country had come with their proposed plan, strategy and planned outcome. It helped to meet the agenda of the conference to know the positive and negative sides of proposed plan of any countries. It also addressed competitiveness. The agreement by all the countries to invest in implementing the measures taken in conference to make it successful and to increase the amount of investment if required showed the possibility to materialize the goal successfully. These also portrayed the concern of each participating countries about the global climate. The participating countries also accorded to build a global carbon trading to facilitate the investment of the countries in the project. This will facilitate a cost effective measure of global carbon emission reduction. Role of Oil and Gas industries in climate change: The oil and gas industries across the world play a big role in global warming. The crude oil and gas play a great role in shaping various demands of global economy (Bulkeley 2015). The demand ranges from the transport industries to various plastic products. The fuels come from the drilling or mining form the underground and then it is burned to produce electricity, fuel for transport etc. When the fuel is burnt, it produces greenhouse gas. The greenhouse gas, Methane has 75 times more potential than carbon dioxide to create heat in the atmosphere in long term. The green house gases reflect the heat to the earth and do not let it get absorbed. As a result, the earth becomes warmer(Bulkeley 2015) The agenda of Paris conference was to combat the emission of green house gases and control the climate change. The main green house gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. Carbon dioxide is generated from fossil fuels i.e. coals, oil and gas and other combustion like burning of woods, factory operations etc. The methane gas generates from production and transport of coals, natural gases and oils. This gas is most responsible for the global warming. Nitrous oxide is generated during combustion of fossil fuels. This combustion often missing with sulfur create Acid Rain. This is another hazardous effect on environment due to oil and gas production. The Fluorocarbon gases are namely hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons etc. They have properties of depleting ozone layers. They are the High Global Warming Potential gases. These gases are generated from various phases of industrial process. Saudi Arabia and UNFCCC conference: Saudi Arabia is the largest producer and exporter of oil. The economy solely depends on oil and natural gas. Saudi Arabia possesses 18% of world's petroleum reserves and 50% of the GDP comes from the Oil and Gas industry (Adamo 2015). So, in the present scenario of climate change, it is very difficult for the country to stop oil and gas production and move to other secondary resources for the economy. The country was also aware of the global climate change and they started taking measures in 2008. But that was not any drastic steps. The country in the year 2008, worked with Norway to implement carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce carbon emission from combustion (Geden 2015). The other initiatives of the Government include National Energy Efficiency Program (NEEP) to reduce the consumption of energy, Saudi Energy Efficiency Center (SEEC) in 2010 to use more efficient energy (Hulme 2016). Also they established King Abdllah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE) to shift th eir dependence from oil energy to atomic and renewable energy (Rhodes 2016). But, the measures of agreement taken in the Paris conference was too early for the country to change. So, the country was not willing to join the Paris agreement at first. But, the leaders of the country realized the importance of it and also it abides by Islamic rules, that is why they decided to accept the agreement of UNFCCC agreements. On 10th November 2015, Saudi Arabia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to adhere to the agreement taken on Paris conference. According to the report, Saudi Arabia decided to reduce the emission annually 130 MtCO2 by 2030(Sultan et al. 2015). They will take measures in economic diversification along with reduced green house gas emission and measures to tackle climate change. Saudi Arabia created another provision to change that target between 2016 and 2020 if economic situation demands them to do so (Sultan et al. 2015). They also mentioned that the measures will be taken based on their economic growth. According to Rogelj and Knutti (2016), Saudi Arabia did not specify the base of INDC i.e. the basis on which the rate of carbon emission will be measured. According to Climate Action Tracker, who tracks the carbon emission of 52 countries, the base level of emission in 2030 will be 1160 MtCo2e. This represents the 132% increase above the 2010 levels. So, according to this the INDC of Saudi Arabia is not as per the proposed agreement. But, Saudi Arabia proposed that, they will determine the base line based on the two scenarios if the more oil is consumed locally or it is exported. Saudi Arabia is at the edge of the impact of global warming. The reason behind is its dependence on oil production. According to Fawcett et al. (2015), by the year 2040, Saudi Arabia will face severe dryness and end of the century. There is huge demand for oil in the world market as well as in the domestic market of the country. But, increasing exports of oil from Iran and other countries reducing the dependence on Saudi Arabia. As a result, of that the oil prices of Saudi Arabia is decreasing. It also delayed the implementation plan of Saudi Arabia to generate 54GW renewable energy and 17 GW Nuclear energy by eight years (Subyani and Hajjar 2016). This was planned to be implemented by 2032. This delay has resulted to increase in the global warming further. As a result of this the proposed plan for INDC is not appropriate. The INDC submitted by Saudi Arabia depends on robust oil export revenue. They mentioned a provision to change the plan accordingly. But for the long run, the country will implement several measures on energy efficiency, carbon storage and refining of green house gases, cost efficiency, dependence of nuclear energy and on other renewable energies. Theses will change the revenue of the country from oil exports. They did not specify any specific measures for the investment and bases for the measures of the gas emission. This made their proposal inadequate. Apart from that, Saudi Arabia is facing challenges from domestic market also. As the households of the country depends on the fossil gas for electricity even. For them keeping pace with global context of climate change is difficult. They are well known for the fact that the natural oil reserves are going to end soon. But, they did not take any serious step to diversify their economy. Even if we look at the initiatives to help other countries to achieve Green Climate Fund, there are no contributions from the Saudi Arabia. The other Islamic countries are looking forward to implementing the changes as decided in Paris Conference. However, according to Robbins (2016), the county is rankling that effort. Conclusion The report represents that the significance of the UNFCCC conference held in Paris in the scenario of changing global climate. It represents the details about the conference, the various measures taken in the conference and financial and strategic initiatives. The report also discusses green house gases and its implication on the environment. Green houses gases were the main concern of the conference. In this context, the report portrays the change in environmental policy of Saudi Arabia. As Saudi Arabia is the largest exporter of the fossil oil, its economy depends on the oil and gas industry only. At the same scenario, the climate effects on the country are alarmingly high. But, there is apathy of the government to take sound initiative to take necessary measures as required in the agreement of the conference. But, the country is trying to take necessary steps as it is really difficult for them to decide to diversify their economy. So, the report concludes that participation of Sau di Arabia in the conference is itself a great measure for the company. References Adamo, S.B., 2015. About mitigation, adaptation and the UNFCCCs 21st Conference of the Parties.Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Populao,32(3), pp.609-618. Morel, R., Cochran, I., Zou, S. and Spencer, T., 2015. Mainstreaming climate change in the financial sector and its governance. Part I: A Necessary and Timely Evolution. Al-Kalbani, M.S., John, C. and Martin, F.P., 2015. Recent Trends in Temperature and Precipitation in Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Sultanate of Oman, and the Implications for Future Climate Change.Journal of Earth Science Climatic Change,6(8), p.1. Belloumi, M. and Alshehry, A.S., 2015. Sustainable Energy Development in Saudi Arabia.Sustainability,7(5), pp.5153-5170. Bulkeley, H., 2015. Can cities realise their climate potential? Reflections on COP21 Paris and beyond.Local Environment,20(11), pp.1405-1409. Collins, W., 2015. From research to action on climate change.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,13(9), pp.459-459. Fawcett, A.A., Iyer, G.C., Clarke, L.E., Edmonds, J.A., Hultman, N.E., McJeon, H.C., Rogelj, J., Schuler, R., Alsalam, J., Asrar, G.R. and Creason, J., 2015. Can Paris pledges avert severe climate change?.Science,350(6265), pp.1168-1169. Geden, O., 2015. Environment: Climate stalemate.Nature,526(7572), pp.194-194. Hansen, J. and Sato, M., 2016. Regional climate change and national responsibilities.Environmental Research Letters,11(3), p.034009. Hulme, M., 2016. 1.5 [deg] C and climate research after the Paris Agreement.Nature Climate Change,6(3), pp.222-224. Rhodes, C.J., 2016. The 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference: Cop21.Science Progress,99(1), pp.97-104. Robbins, A., 2016. How to understand the results of the climate change summit: Conference of Parties21 (COP21) Paris 2015.Journal of public health policy. Rogelj, J. and Knutti, R., 2016. Geosciences after Paris.Nature Geoscience,9(3), pp.187-189. Stern, N., 2015. Understanding climate finance for the Paris summit in December 2015 in the context of financing for sustainable development for the Addis Ababa conference in July 2015. Subyani, A.M. and Hajjar, A.F., 2016. Rainfall analysis in the contest of climate change for Jeddah area, Western Saudi Arabia.Arabian Journal of Geosciences,9(2), pp.1-15. Sultan, M., Sefry, S. and AbuAbdallah, M., 2015. Impacts of Climate Change on the Red Sea Region and its Watersheds, Saudi Arabia. InThe Red Sea(pp. 363-377). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

One Simple Trick for Essay Topics about Social Issues Uncovered

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Research Paper Topics On The St. Louis St. Paul St. Clair streetcar Named Desire

Research Paper Topics On The St. Louis St. Paul St. Clair streetcar Named DesireIn this Research Paper Topic, you will learn about a variety of streetcar named desire research topics. There are several books, websites, and organizations available to help with your research, but not all of them have the same information for the same reason. This article discusses some of those reasons that different books or organizations give for each topic. By understanding them, you can begin to figure out what you can do to find the information you need and also what resources will be most helpful.It's important to remember that the different books and programs have their own research paper topics. This means that there are likely to be differences in the depth of the topics. For example, you may find information on one site that others will not. One site might point to specific sites, while others won't.Some sites will list specific research papers that are about the subject. This is a good place to start. You might find that a specific site has specific information, but not others. This will help you narrow down your search and to determine which of the places listed is best for your research needs.Others will provide information on certain topics, while others will focus on specific books and/or information. It can take a little time to find the information you need if you are looking for it, but it is better than being lost and wondering where to start looking. The best option is to check both the sites and the information to get an idea of what the research papers have to offer.There are a few areas that are quite common among the different research paper topics. That is, the topics often cover the history of the area, how the streetcar system was originally constructed, the impact that the streetcar systems had on the community, and its relationship to other modes of transportation. Of course, all of this will vary from area to area, depending on what is popular. As lo ng as you are researching the right areas, you should be able to get many different perspectives on the topic and learn more about what the streetcar was used for.When you consider that there are more than thirty thousand books on research paper topics, it is easy to see why this can be so overwhelming. There are many different viewpoints, but it is important to make sure that you are seeking the right ones. Doing your research in this way is crucial to making sure that you know exactly what you are researching before you start. Since so much time is spent researching these types of topics, it is important to know that the research paper topics are carefully selected so that you can find the right information.Of course, you don't want to spend too much time doing this research either. It is important to understand that a lot of the time will be spent searching, so it may be best to use the resources available to you to save time. These resources might include books, websites, forums , articles, and other sources of information. You may want to take advantage of some of the free time that you have by reviewing the sources of information that are available to you to help you identify the best information.It's possible to find a variety of research paper topics for the streetcar named desire. It's important to make sure that you are aware of the different sources of information that are available to you, and to know what you want to find out. It's also important to do your research, do your homework, and then come up with the information that you need to fill your paper. That will help you learn about the history of the streetcar in your area.

Research Papers on Cocaine and College

Research Papers on Cocaine and CollegeIf you have a question about the basics of this subject you can ask your home school counselor about research papers on cocaine and college. In short, they will help you choose your topic and go through the basics of this subject for you. Even if you are not a home school student, your home school counselor can still help you with this research project because it is much easier for them to do when they are educated in the right area.Research papers on cocaine and college will teach you about the dangers of using cocaine. It will also help you understand why people who use cocaine are so prone to breaking the law. For example, does this drug make you feel warm and fuzzy? Or does it make you feel very uncomfortable and guilty? Using this drug can greatly affect the way that people behave and also how they handle different situations.There are many things that you will learn in this paper as well. The first thing that you will learn is that the drug is dangerous. You will also learn that the legal implications are serious and that you should be careful about what you say and how you say it.The next thing that you will learn is that cocaine is a stimulant. This means that it speeds up your heart rate and the body's response to various stimuli.Also, cocaine is a chemical that is naturally found in the human body. So, since cocaine is naturally present, it will stay in your system for quite some time. If you use this drug, it will stay in your system for quite some time as well.Cocaine is addictive. You will learn that this drug has a high addiction potential. However, there are many options available for helping you with this addiction and using this drug is only one of them.The last thing that you will learn is that there are many alternatives to using cocaine. These alternatives include the use of natural remedies, other healthful remedies, non-addictive medicines, anti-depressants, and the use of natural alternatives to other drugs.

Vital Pieces of Help on Writing a Research Paper Service

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Writing a Sample Extended Essay About Photography

Writing a Sample Extended Essay About PhotographyIt's easier than ever to write a sample extended essay about photography. Because there are so many different types of photographs, and because online learning is much more common now than it was a few years ago, writing a brief essay about a specific photograph is now a relatively simple task for students.When I first began teaching about photography and the Vietnam War, I would often hear students ask me what the best way to explain what photograph meant. They wanted to know how I had created my essay about the pictures taken during the war. Their difficulty often stemmed from the fact that they didn't understand what photograph meant and were eager to hear someone explain it to them.Fortunately, it's easier than ever to create a sample extended essay about a photo essay. A sample essay on the Vietnam War is an excellent place to start because it doesn't require too much research or knowledge of photography.When I first began teachin g about photography and the Vietnam War, I had my students read a short story by Colson Whitehead. It was a story about a young man who was constantly and embarrassingly told he looked like a soldier because of his white uniform. In the end, the young man saved a Vietnamese boy from drowning. His mother said he never once regretted his decision.In this story, I used a brief vignette to illustrate a lengthy extended essay about what really makes a photograph 'good.' The story works well because it's something that is both short and punchy; a reader can get a good idea of the essay's topic in just a few minutes.In my sample essay, I described how the young man would sometimes get a much better view of an attack from a second-story window than any of the other men. He quickly decided that he wanted to document the scene to prove, 'All men are not bastards.'In my essay, I also referenced a photograph of a Vietnamese woman with her baby. When I began the essay, I had written the phrase ' life-or-death struggle' behind the image. In the end, the young man decided that he wanted to show how the Vietnamese woman was much more important to him than the fate of her baby.After creating a sample essay about a photograph, I often find myself in a conversation with someone who is unable to connect the pictures that I am referring to. This happens with both beginners and veterans, and it's important that those who are attempting to write essays to use the images correctly.

Research Paper Topics For A Research Paper On Early Childhood Education

Research Paper Topics For A Research Paper On Early Childhood EducationThere are topics for a research paper on early childhood education. These may be quite different from what you have in mind if you were to research topics for a research paper on early childhood development.For instance, one topic for a research paper on early childhood education is to study the impacts of enrichment programs. This is quite different from the area of curriculum. When studying curriculum, there is a tendency to consider the curricula as uninteresting to children. The curriculum may not be all that interesting to you, but it seems rather interesting to children.If you are going to study topics for a research paper on early childhood education, you need to think about what is taught at preschool and daycare. While some teachers might focus on learning and development, other teachers will be interested in the science and arts of early childhood development. Some teachers may wish to teach music or dan ce, and other teachers may want to teach all aspects of early childhood development. This is the point where a research paper on early childhood education can become really interesting.One topic for a research paper on early childhood education is to understand whether the curriculum at preschool and daycare is effective. There is a tendency to think that the curriculum is usually ineffective, but you will find that there are teachers who can succeed in the classroom, while others can fail.Another topic for a research paper on early childhood education is to study how well the teachers use instructional strategies to teach the science and arts of early childhood development. This is a topic that many teachers do not learn until they get into the classroom. It takes a lot of work to master the art of making sure that the material is used properly in the classroom.When you write a research paper on topics for a research paper on early childhood education, you should remember that the purpose of the research is to make a definitive conclusion. You can take a great idea, such as how to make science fun for children, and then you can look at that idea and look at what others have done with that idea. You can then use the research to see what they have done and then use the same idea for your own class.What makes a research paper on topics for a research paper on early childhood education interesting is that it is able to provide answers to questions. It has been said that the true test of any study is whether or not the question gets answered. It has also been said that the real test of an idea is whether or not it is still considered important today.Research papers on topics for a research paper on early childhood education are important. They are able to provide answers to questions, and they are able to help people who may not know how to approach the subject.